Quickly extend top-line opportunities for leveraged bandwidth. Conveniently maximize low-risk high-yield ROI rather than cooperative synergy. Appropriately synthesize cooperative portals without backward-compatible total linkage. Seamlessly plagiarize value-added deliverables with customer directed technologies.
Breadcrumb
- Home /
- admin
admin
Latest posts
CCC: Pinoy youth, vital to climate advocacy
MANILA — The Climate Change Commission (CCC) emphasized the critical role of youth in the fight against climate change during the Global Warming and Climate Change Consciousness Week Seminar held at the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB).
As one of the most vulnerable nations to climate impacts, the Philippines continues to endure more severe typhoons, heavy rains, and destructive floods in various communities. This reality underscores the urgency of climate action and the importance of engaging the youth as future stewards of our planet.
- Read more about CCC: Pinoy youth, vital to climate advocacy
- Log in or register to post comments
Will BBM sacrifice Martin?
“As far as I’m concerned, it’s a storm in a teacup,” declared President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. in a rare admonition of the House of Representatives’ fixation to impeach Vice President Sara Duterte.
It’s probably the first time BBM openly contradicted the HoR led by his cousin, Speaker Martin Romualdez, prompting speculations that all is not well between the two.
- Read more about Will BBM sacrifice Martin?
- Log in or register to post comments
Don’t use our name for personal agenda, Balabac IPs to group
The Molbog indigenous peoples of Balabac, Palawan strongly denounced the SAMBILOG-Balik Bugsuk Movement for misrepresenting themselves as legitimate indigenous claimants to the lands of Bugsuk and Mariahangin.
In a joint statement issued by the Indigenous Peoples Mandatory Representatives (IPMRs) of Balabac and its barangays, the Molbog leaders asserted their rightful place as the ancestral custodians of these territories while exposing the group’s questionable origins and motives.
AN EXISTENTIAL THREAT
The sanctity of confidential and intelligence funds (CIF) is paramount for any government aiming to safeguard its security and sovereignty, both on a national and international scale. These funds act as the silent backbone of state security operations, allowing intelligence agencies and security forces to preempt, counter, and neutralize threats that could destabilize the nation.
Without these funds, governments lose their ability to maneuver discreetly and effectively in the face of emerging challenges.
- Read more about AN EXISTENTIAL THREAT
- Log in or register to post comments
VP Sara: I don’t trust Speaker Romualdez
By Omar Fernando
DAVAO CITY – Vice President Sara Duterte bares her bold stand against House Speaker Romualdez, standing firm in her decision to boycott the ongoing hearing of the Committee on Good Governance and Public Accountability.
In a fiery press conference past midnight Saturday, she called out some House members' scandals and questionable characters, refusing to participate in a system lacking trust and credibility.
PH Resilience Awards 2024 to honor women, youth Climate champions
MANILA — The Philippine Resilience Awards 2024 (PRA) will honor exceptional Filipino women and youth climate champions at a ceremony at the SMX Convention Center, Mall of Asia Complex, Pasay City, on November 25.
This year’s PRA aims to recognize and support the trailblazers who have demonstrated leadership and innovation in advancing climate change adaptation, disaster risk reduction, and resilience building within their communities.
OVP’s ‘Magnegosyo Ta Day’ augments capitalization need of Surigao Sur coop
By Omar Fernando
BUTUAN CITY — A farmers’ cooperative in Barangay Tigao in the town of Cortes in Surigao del Sur received a livelihood grant amounting to P150,000 from the Office of the Vice President (OVP) through the “Magnegosyo Ta Day” entrepreneurship program.
Vice President Sara Duterte personally handed over the check to Tigao Farmers Development Cooperative (TFDC) in a turnover ceremony held at the OVP satellite office in Butuan City on Nov. 20
OVP services unaffected by budget cuts: VP Sara
By Omar Fernando
DAVAO CITY – Despite budget constraints, the Office of the Vice President (OVP) remains resolute in delivering crucial services and advancing its operations to benefit the nation.
Vice President Sara Duterte assured this at a press conference on Wednesday, Nov. 13, following the Senate deliberations on OVP’s budget.
The Senate approved the OVP’s 2025 budget, totaling PHP733 million, per the Finance Committee's proposal.
- Read more about OVP services unaffected by budget cuts: VP Sara
- Log in or register to post comments
Gov’t exec claims PH safer; SWS poll finds crimes rising
Contrary to the government’s recent claim that the Philippines is safer and people are more secure, a recent Social Weather Stations survey indicated a concerning increase in traditional crimes and cybercrime victimization rates compared to previous polls.
- Read more about Gov’t exec claims PH safer; SWS poll finds crimes rising
- Log in or register to post comments
‘JASIG, a shield no longer valid’
The Legal Cooperation Cluster (LCC) of the National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict (NTF-ELCAC) strongly asserted that the recent arrests and detention of Porferio Tuna, Simeon Naogsan, and Wigberto Villarico were fully justified, legal, and moral.
- Read more about ‘JASIG, a shield no longer valid’
- Log in or register to post comments
Quadcomm inquiry, mere political ploy vs Rody: Delgra
A lawyer of former President Rodrigo R. Duterte said the latter’s no-show in today’s public hearing of the Joint Committee on Public Accounts, Dangerous Drugs, Public Order and Security and Human Rights (Quadcomm) is pointless, thus his unnecessary presence.
Lawyer Martin Delgra III, in a Nov. 5 letter addressed to Rep. Robert Ace S. Barbers, Quadcomm chairperson, said the former president harbors some concerns regarding the integrity, independence, and propriety of the Quadcomm.
- Read more about Quadcomm inquiry, mere political ploy vs Rody: Delgra
- Log in or register to post comments
Yolanda survivors to SEC: Boost corporate climate accountability
A day after the day of national mourning for the victims of Severe Tropical Storm Kristine, survivors of Super Typhoon Yolanda – the most powerful storm that hit the Philippines 11 years ago – urged the government to enforce stronger climate accountability policies for corporations.
Guv: No large-scale mining, but illegal extraction exists
By Julian Gempesaw
GENERAL SANTOS CITY—In the wake of reignited fears among residents of South Cotabato Province caused by flashfloods unleashed by Tropical Storm Kristine, Governor Reynaldo Tamayo Jr. allayed worries of environmental damage and destruction.
Tamayo Jr. denied large-scale mining operations in the hinterlands of Tampakan South Cotabato.
Rody’s claims in inquiry show lifelong commitment to Pinoys
Agusan del Norte’s Second District Rep. Dale B. Corverahas nothing but good words about former President Rodrigo R. Duterte’s attendance in Monday’s Senate probe into the previous administration’s drug war.
“Despite his being a private citizen now, I saw on TV an old statesman still effectively connected with the people who longed for streets and surroundings that are free from drug addicts and criminals,” Corvera’s Facebook post on Tuesday read.
Under the veil
By Lorraine Marie T. Badoy
They claim they’re scandalized by what the Vice President (VP) said. They think she went beyond the pale by threatening to dig up the Marcos carcass and throwing it to the WPS. How she dishonors the dead, they said.
And yet they won’t talk about the series of unfortunate incidents that brought the Vice President to this point. Or how the Marcos siblings first dishonored the dead by deprecating the gift of a dignified burial extended to their father by a President of the Republic.
- Read more about Under the veil
- Log in or register to post comments
Climate body champions loss, damage solutions
Climate Change Commission Deputy Executive Director Romell Antonio O. Cuenca delivers a speech on behalf of Secretary Robert EA Borje during the "Scaling Up Climate Action Against Loss and Damage" event at the Asia-Pacific Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Manila on October 14.
OVP exec rues DSWD denial of OVP referrals
By Omar Fernando
DAVAO CITY—Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) Secretary Rexlon Gatchalian’s claim that all referrals from the Office of the Vice President (OVP) are accommodated has been branded “inaccurate and misleading.”
This, according to Director for Operations Norman Baloro, on Tuesday, exposing a critical gap in the narrative.
Go: Let Pinoys judge FPPRD’s war on drugs
By Omar Fernando
DAVAO CITY – Senator Christopher Lawrence “Bong” Go said the Filipino people are the fitting judges for former President Rodrigo R. Duterte’s (FPRRD) anti-illegal drugs campaign.
The statement came in response to the ongoing investigations at the Lower House, which he observed to demonize FPRRD’s anti-drug campaign seemingly.
- Read more about Go: Let Pinoys judge FPPRD’s war on drugs
- Log in or register to post comments
IP leader bares Katribu’s deception, exploitation
A former indigenous peoples’ (IP) party-list group nominee challenged the integrity of Sulong Katribu, accusing it of fabricating conflict with Epanaw Sambayanan to shield its own misdeeds.
“Katribu’s calculated and premeditated response against Epanaw Sambayanan is more than expected,” Datu Jomorito Goaynon said in a recent interview.
“They are aware that Epanaw Sambayanan will use the electoral platform to expose Katribu’s nefarious activities that victimize indigenous communities and ancestral domains,” he added.
CPP's get-out-of-jail card
The recent arrest of Porferio Tuna, Jr., a former National Democratic Front of the Philippines (NDFP) consultant during the 2016 peace talks, and the potential revival of formal negotiations between the Government of the Philippines and the NDFP have brought renewed attention not only to the peace process but also to a long-standing Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) tactic aimed at rescuing their prominent leaders from incarceration.
‘Don’t fool around,’ UP prof tells Recto
Former Finance Undersecretary Cielo Magno gave a fiery critique of the government's budget decisions, particularly regarding PhilHealth and the reversion of P89.9 billion in unspent funds to the national treasury.
Magno, an economics professor at the University of the Philippines, said Department of Finance Secretary Ralph Recto is spinning a new press release about why PhilHealth was ordered to return the unused health funds supposedly to create jobs and pump up the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Garma’s smokescreen amid murder allegations
Former Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office (PCSO) head Royina M. Garma has been criticized for seemingly orchestrating a diversion with her affidavit and statementsin Friday’s Quad Committee hearing at the House of Representatives.
Senator Christopher “Bong” Go said Garma’s tactics are nothing more than a smokescreen to obscure the grave allegations surrounding her alleged involvement in a murder plot.
“Malicious and unsubstantiated statements should have no place in any credible investigation,” Go said in a statement on Saturday.
CCC launches gender plan to back climate commitments
The launch of the Gender Action Plan of the Philippines’ Nationally Determined Contribution 2024-2030 aims to celebrate and raise awareness of this landmark framework, demonstrating the Philippines’ deep commitment to gender equality and climate action.
- Read more about CCC launches gender plan to back climate commitments
- Log in or register to post comments
Pause health budget delibs until healthcare commitments met: Go
Senator Christopher "Bong" Go on Tuesday urged a halt to deliberations on the Department of Health (DOH) and Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) budgets until the government fulfills its pledges to support impoverished patients and formalizes these commitments through signed agreements.
"Napakarami na pong naipangako ang PhilHealth (PhilHealth has already promised a lot)," Go said during a budget hearing.
APMCDRR 2024: Harnessing AI, space tech for disaster resilience
MANILA – This year’s Asia-Pacific Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (APMCDRR) will spotlight how satellites, drones, and artificial intelligence (AI) can transform disaster risk reduction (DRR).
The event, slated on October 14-18 at the Philippine International Convention Center in Pasay City, will explore the potential of these technologies to enhance disaster prediction, preparedness, and response.
Former anti-insurgency chief vows to elevate IP advocacy
Former anti-insurgency body chief Allen Capuyan announced Monday that he will elevate Indigenous peoples’ (IP) advocacy to a higher level of struggle by participating in the 2025 senatorial elections.
The controversial retired military officer, who served as Chairperson of the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP), has been at the forefront of the IPs’ struggle for their rights and lands, as several IP communities in Mindanao have endorsed his senatorial bid.
Lanao Norte leaders thank Rody for Panguil Bay Bridge
By Omar Fernando
DAVAO CITY—Top leaders in the province of Lanao del Norte met with former President Rodrigo Roa Duterte to express their heartfelt gratitude for “making the dream of the people of the province come into reality” through the completion of the Panguil Bay Bridge.
Governor Imelda “Angging” Quibranza-Dimaporo and her husband Abdullah “Bobby” Dimakuta Dimaporo, the former second district representative of Lanao del Norte, led the delegation during the recent visit.
VP: I’m answerable to over 32-M Filipinos, not a few
By Omar Fernando
DAVAO CITY — Vice President Sara Z. Duterte stood firm in her refusal to give up the second-highest position in the country despite the call raised by a few individuals and left-leaning groups tied to dirty politics.
In a press conference on Wednesday, Vice President Duterte also detailed the approaches being hurled by her political nemesis: the first is impeachment, and the other is resignation.
- Read more about VP: I’m answerable to over 32-M Filipinos, not a few
- Log in or register to post comments
Proud exit
By Ronald Gian Carlo Cardema
Vice President Sara, President BBM, SAP Anton, and Speaker Martin are my godparents. Sandro’s first time being a ninong is with our daughter SG. I do not criticize any of them, thinking that the current political friction is just temporary and that they will forever be our family friends.
IPs face dark future as NCIP abolition mulled
LETTER TO THE EDITOR
Reports have surfaced that Speaker Martin Romualdez and NCIP (National Commission on Indigenous Peoples) Chairperson Jennifer Sibug-Las met, during which the alarming news was revealed that the House leadership is considering abolishing the NCIP and amending the Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act (IPRA).
This development not only threatens the future of indigenous peoples' rights in the Philippines but also raises serious concerns about the motivations behind this drastic move.
Roque: ‘Polvoronic’ video, national security matter
Former presidential spokesperson Harry Roque said on Tuesday that the disbarment case filed against him by lawyer Melvin Matibag before the Supreme Court for the “polvoronic” video posted on the former’s social media page was a desperate act of attention.
“We have to understand that the posting of the video in social media is protected by free speech under the privileged doctrine,” Atty Roque said. “It involves a serious disease of a President that deserves an admission or denial. PBBM has not done either.”
VP Sara bares can of worms
By Omar Fernando
DAVAO CITY – Deliberately missing the crucial budget hearing for the Office of the Vice President (OVP) at the House of Representatives last week, Vice President Sara “Inday” Duterte not only cited the technical reasons for her absence but also unleashed a contentious issue that the public must scrutinize.
- Read more about VP Sara bares can of worms
- Log in or register to post comments
Torre’s claim on Quiboloy’s ‘arrest’ gets netizens’ flak
By Omar Fernando
DAVAO CITY – Netizens who read an article published by the state-run Philippine News Agency (PNA) expressed disgust with the narrations made by Brig. Gen. Nicolas Torre III, director of the Police Regional Office-Davao (PRO-11), in a press briefing on Sept. 9.
The story, headlined “PNP: Quiboloy cornered, forced to surrender,” was posted on the PNA's Facebook page the same day.
As of 11:26 p.m. on Sept. 9, the article gained 373 reactions, 92 comments, and 11 shares.
Doing the right thing vs doing things right
By Lt. Gen. Filmore Escobal (Ret.)
The government is bleeding with taxpayers' money as the police operations to serve the warrant of arrest for Pastor Quiboloy et al. continue indefinitely.
The longer PNP PRO (Police Regional Office) 11 fails to achieve its mission, the more doubtful its objective becomes—whether to achieve peace and order and public safety objectives or otherwise. This implies that PRO 11 has become a private army of some political master or foreign power.
CHEd, DepEd, LEB silence on state aggression decried
The students of Jose Maria College Foundation, Inc. (JMCFI) called on the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), the Legal Education Board (LEB), and the Department of Education (DepEd) to stand on the right side of history amid the ongoing tensions caused by a police raid in search for Kingdom of Jesus Christ (KOJC) leader Apollo C. Quiboloy.
“Your silence amid these attacks on academic freedom and the right to education is complicit in emboldening these abuses,” a group statement issued on Wednesday read.
Prolonged search troubling, alarming: Davao archbishop
In a powerful call for peace, sobriety, and mutual respect among the residents of Davao City, Davao Archbishop Romulo G. Valles, D.D. on Wednesday expressed alarm over the prolonged search for Kingdom of Jesus Christ leader Apollo C. Quiboloy since Saturday dawn.
“The prolonged search being conducted, coupled with the overwhelming presence of law enforcers in a place dedicated for religious worship, and for the education of the youth, is alarming and troubling, as it touches some sensitive issues on religious freedom,” Valles said in a statement.
NEDA’s P64/day claim insults Pinoy workers
The Trade Union Congress of the Philippines (TUCP) criticized the National Economic and Development Authority’s (NEDA) outrageous claim that a Filipino can thrive on just ₱64 for three meals daily.
TUCP, in a statement Thursday, said the low poverty threshold is an insult to Filipino workers.
“How can anyone expect families to survive on such a meager amount? It said this assertion is not just absurd; it’s a slap in the face to those struggling to make ends meet.
PHLPost issues ASEAN stamps
The Philippine Postal Corporation (PHLPost) has announced the release of ASEAN Post commemorative stamps featuring the iconic “Manila Central Post Office Building” to mark the Joint Issue of the General ASEAN Post Office 2024.
The ASEAN POST stamp features the “General Post Office” building as the theme for 2024. Ten countries in the ASEAN Postal Region have introduced each façade of their main post office building, which symbolizes unity, integration, and cooperation among the ASEAN Post member states.
Walk the talk vs illicit drugs, pol analyst to BBM, solons
A political analyst called on government officials to practice what they preach in tackling the illegal drug crisis by embodying the values they advocate.
Marlon Villarin, a Political Science professor at the University of Santo Tomas, took to Facebook on Monday to challenge President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. and all legislators to embody the values they promote by leading by personal example to effectively combat illegal drugs.
Rot in lavish bribe scheme
All 11 Army infantry Divisions recently fell under the spell of corrupt forces as core members and a solon representative (whose name sounds like a classic movie involving a colossal ape) of a House leader, alongside two compromised PMA graduates belonging to the 70s era, infiltrated their ranks.
Indulging in extravagant feasts, golf outings, and opulent dinner gatherings, the corrupt visitors shamelessly dangled hefty sums of cash before their targets.
Hontiveros barking up wrong tree, Roque says
Lawyer Harry Roque on Thursday urged a senator to desist from using the Philippine Offshore Gaming Operators (POGO) controversy as a “convenient excuse to demonize the family members and close allies of former President Rodrigo Duterte.”
PH2 Corp vows cooperation in Sino fugitive case: Roque
Lawyer Harry Roque on Tuesday vowed to fully cooperate with the Bureau of Immigration, the Presidential Anti-Organized Crime Task Force, and the Chinese Embassy in bringing an alleged fugitive from China to justice.
Roque, former presidential spokesperson, assured Filipino and Chinese authorities that PH2 Corporation, where he is a stockholder, would never abet or harbor a wanted foreign criminal in any of its properties.
In a statement, Roque said PH2 had rescinded its lease contract this month with its Chinese female lessee, Wan Yun.
Explosive allegations grip AFP ranks
Shocking claims of nepotism and cronyism at the highest ranks of the Armed Forces of the Philippines were recently unveiled, including favoritism that is allegedly tainting the military’s promotion system.
The pervasive favoritism is said to benefit those from the Comptroller family or close associates of the AFP’s Chief of Staff. Top officials are accused of compromising meritocracy for personal gains, and close associates are reportedly appointed to key positions.
Surge Fitness + Lifestyle: Where health, happiness meet
With stress as a constant companion, a new wellness oasis is emerging, offering more than just the promise of a fitter body.
Surge Fitness + Lifestyle is a game-changing hub not just about sculpting bodies but transforming lives. It caters to the whole family and promises a lifestyle upgrade.
IPs’ fight for justice continues despite Satur, Castro conviction
TAGUM CITY, Davao del Norte – More than 500 indigenous people (IPs) and their supporters come together in a powerful display of unity for justice and reconciliation.
Beneath the scorching sun on Tuesday, a defiant spirit blazes and their fervor cause radiates along the national highway in front of the Davao del Norte Sports and Tourism Complex here.
Former Reds laud conviction of Satur, Ocampo, 11 others
ASUNCION, Davao del Note – A group of former cadres and members of the CPP-NPA-NDFP yesterday lauded the conviction of former Bayan Muna party-list Rep. Satur Ocampo and Alliance of Concerned Teachers (ACT-Teachers) Rep.France Castro for child kidnapping charges.
“The court decision is a crucial step toward justice for the lumads (indigenous peoples) of Talaingod, who have long been exploited by false promises of radical change,” KalinawSoutheastern Mindanao Region said in a statement.
Advocates strategize climate financing at PH Green Climate Fund conference
MANILA City — Climate advocates from civil society and development partners from the private and public sectors gathered at the 1st National Stakeholders Conference 2024 on the Green Climate Fund (GCF) held on June 27 to discuss and develop strategies for addressing the Philippines’ urgent need for sustainable and responsive action through climate financing.
PHLPost, Museo Orlina collab for stamp design contest
The Philippine Postal Corporation (PHLPost), in collaboration with Museo Orlina, is inviting students, designers, and Illustrators to join the nationwide stamp-design contest in celebration of the Universal Postal Union (UPU) 150th founding anniversary.
The UPU is a specialized agency of the United Nations created on 9 October 1984 under the Treaty of Bern. It unites the postal networks of 192 member countries.
The competition is open to high school and college students, artists, designers, illustrators, and other interested individuals.
Nominations for 2nd PH Resilience Awards open
Nominations for the 2nd Philippine Resilience Awards (PRA), an initiative that recognizes outstanding contributions to climate action and disaster resilience, are now open.
Themed “Kabataan at Kababaihan: Katatagan ng Bayan,” this year’s awards will honor both women champions and youth leaders from across the country.
Filipinos share messages of hope on Independence Day
As the Philippines commemorated its 126th Independence Dayon Wednesday, the spirit of hope and resilience shone brightly among Pinoys across the globe. In unity and optimism, messages of courage and perseverance from the recent Maisugrally in Japan echo through their hearts – standing firm in the face of challenges.
“Freedom isn’t free. You have to pay a price, you have to sacrifice for your liberty.” – Atty. Harry Roque, former Presidential spokesperson
June 10, 2024 will go down as day of infamy, Rody says
Former President Rodrigo R. Duterte made a fiery statement on Thursday, branding June 10, 2024, as a day of infamy for members of the Kingdom of Jesus Christ (KJC) church and all law-abiding citizens.
- Read more about June 10, 2024 will go down as day of infamy, Rody says
- Log in or register to post comments
Sara: Violence vs civilians, desecration of democracy
Vice President Sara Z. Duterte didn’t let it pass.
Duterte, in a statement, made a stand a day after more than a hundred forces of the Philippine National Police Special Action Force and Criminal Investigation and Detection Group stormed into several KJC compounds in Davao City, Samal Island, and Sarangani in search of its leader, Pastor Apollo C. Quiboloy.
Mindanao student leaders: Does gov’t care about educ?
By Omar Fernando
DAVAO CITY – In a gripping saga in Davao City, three courageous student leaders from Mindanao are raising their voices against the ongoing police operations, now on their 10thday, at the Kingdom of Jesus Christ (KOJC) compound.
These operations in search for KOJC leader Apollo C. Quiboloy, they said, are not just a matter of law enforcement but a direct assault on their educational rights.
DOJ plan to sue judge leaves chilling effect
By Omar Fernando
DAVAO CITY – Veteran lawyer Caesar Europa provided a detailed legal opinion in response to Secretary Jesus Crispin Remulla of the Department of Justice (DOJ), who recently said charges would be filed against Judge Mario Duaves of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) Branch 15 in Davao City.
Expanding stakeholder involvement for climate action: COOPeration is key
The Philippines is identified as one of the most at risk countries to disasters caused by climate change. The country experiences an average of 20 tropical cyclones every year, with eight to nine making landfall. In the last decade, rampaging tropical cyclones resulted in Php 673.3 billion in losses and damages.
Because of climate change, the Philippines is also increasingly becoming exposed to longer and harsher dry seasons, invariably impacting economic activities and productivity due to effects on the health and well-being of Filipinos.
OFFICIAL STATEMENT On the Recent Removal of Davao City Police Officials
Good day my fellow Davaoeños,
I am addressing you today regarding the recent mass relief of our police officials ordered by Chief PNP General Rommel Francisco Marbil and implemented by Police Regional Office XI Regional Director PB General Nicolas Torre.
Davao City has earned a longstanding reputation for its commitment to peace and order and security for our people. This did not come by accident. It came about by a combination of political will, committed and dedicated law enforcers and, most of all, citizens’ cooperation.